Satsuma fruit, like that of most mandarins, Temperature conditions during fall and winter thus, quality is usually better in the more northern limits of its range. The fruit attains best quality under cool The segments are readily separated, also. Reddish orange and the peel is easily detached from the fruit at maturity. Satsuma fruit are of superb quality and nearly completely seedless. Selections exist, but most of the latter are no different from 'Owari'. Characteristics of the most common varieties grown in Texas are shown in Table 1. Other varieties grown in southeast Texas. 'Obawase', 'Okitsu', 'Kimbrough', 'Big Early' and 'Armstrong Early' are Well-known being 'Owari', the quality of which surpasses all other satsumas in Texas. A number of varieties originated there, the most Satsumas are probably the most important citrus in Japan where they are referred to as Unshu mandarins. Unlike most mandarins, the cotyledons of 'King' seed are cream colored rather than green. The flesh is deep orange in color the fruit are very seedy and somewhat late Largest of all mandarins its rind is thick, rough and yellowish-orange at maturity. 'King', the primary variety, was introduced to California about 1880. The King group of mandarins apparently originated in Vietnam. Most mandarins of this group have small, willow-shaped leaves and a Yellowish-orange at maturity in October-November. The rind is thin and both rind and flesh color are Its fruit are of medium size, oblate, with a short collar and furrowed neck on the stem end. 'Willowleaf' or 'Mediterranean' is the most The Mediterranean group of mandarins apparently originated in the Mediterranean basin, most likely in Italy. Trees will provide additional cold protection but the competition for light, water and nutrients will reduce mandarin tree growth, production and fruit quality. In the home landscape, mandarins should be planted on the south or southeast side of the house for maximum protection from cold weather. Smaller trees are more easily protected during severe freezes, but smaller trees are also less productive. Trees on trifoliate are considerably smaller than trees on sour orange, with those on 'Flying Dragon' trifoliate being even smaller than on other trifoliate Trifoliate orange is poorly adapted to the saline conditions and alkaline soils which predominate in south Texas where sour orange is the rootstock of choice. In southeast Texas, growers prefer trifoliate orange rootstock because of the additional cold hardiness which it imparts to the tree. Highway 90 from Del Rio to Orange-depending on Mandarins are well-adapted to all well-drained soils in virtually all of Texas along and south of U.S. Protection during severe freezes will be essential to successful mandarin production. Few of those orchards remain today, but interest in mandarins remains Satsumas in southeast Texas were fairly common until the severe freezes of the 1980's. Small orchards of tangerines in the Carrizo Springs area and of Mandarins are among the most cold hardy of citrus fruits, being second only to kumquats. Mandarins are grown in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, although best color and quality usually occurs under subtropical conditions. Mandarins tend to alternate bearing, with a heavy crop in one year followed by a lighter crop in the next season. Mandarins are self-pollinated and self-fruitful, but some of the hybrids are self-incompatible and will produce few fruit without the presence of suitable Somewhat more brittle than other citrus and limb breakage is common under heavy fruit loads unless some sort of support is provided. Most mandarin trees are more erect than other kinds of citrus trees and many exhibit a drooping habit because of rather long, willowy branches. Of these, satsumas and tangerines are of most interest in Texas. Mediterranean, king, satsuma and common tangerines. Because all tangerines are mandarins but not all mandarins are tangerines, mandarins are commonly separated into four groups: Mandarins include a diverse group of citrus fruits that are characterized by bright peel and pulp color, excellent flavor, easy-to-peel rind and segments that
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